Table 3 Details of included studies
From: A narrative review of pharmacy workforce challenges in Indonesia
No. | Study ID | Title | Topic | Aim of the study | Methodology | Target population | Study location | Pharmacy workforce challenges |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Khairunnisa (2015) [35] | Assessment of hypertension knowledge among pharmacists in Medan City, North Sumatera | Hypertension | To assess the knowledge of pharmacists against hypertension and its treatment | A quantitative study using survey | Pharmacists working in all sectors of practice | Sumatera Island | Variety of pharmacists’ competencies |
2 | Hermansyah (2018) [28] | Prioritising recommendations to advance community pharmacy practice | Priority recommendations | To systematically identify and prioritise a range of potential recommendations to improve practice in Indonesian community pharmacy from the perspective of pharmacy stakeholders | A qualitative study using Nominal Group Technique (NGT) | Pharmacy stakeholders | Nationwide | Staff remuneration, availability of career pathways and recognition; inconsistency in policy implementation |
3 | Meilianti (2021) [26] | A country-level national needs assessment of the Indonesian pharmacy workforce | Needs assessment | To prioritise gaps toward transforming the pharmacy workforce as a prelude to practice and pharmaceutical services reform in Indonesia | A multiple method qualitative study consisted of face-to-face group discussion, and online and in-person semi-structured interviews | Pharmacist working in the academic, community, government institution, hospital, industry and primary health care | Nationwide | Lack of motivations; variety of pharmacists’ competencies; variation of services; staff remuneration, availability of career pathways and recognition; barriers in collaboration with other healthcare professions; lack of public’s awareness of the pharmacists’ role; need to update curriculum to adapt to practice needs; need for tailored and specific training and programmes; need for structured accredited training and micro-credentialing systems |
4 | Pradipta (2021) [61] | Barriers and strategies to successful tuberculosis treatment in a high-burden tuberculosis setting: A qualitative study from the patient's perspective | Tuberculosis | To explore barriers to successful TB treatment from the patients' perspective, aiming to identify potential patient-centred care strategies to improve TB treatment outcome in Indonesia | A qualitative study using in-depth interviews and focus group discussions (FGDs) | TB patients, physicians, nurses, pharmacists, TB activist, TB programmers at the district and primary care levels) | West Java | Low health literacy of society |
5 | Marjadi (2022) [29] | Pharmacists' continuing professional development for noncommunicable diseases management: A consensus study | Noncommunicable diseases management | To identify South Borneo's pharmacists' engagement with, experiences of, and expectations for NCD-focused CPD activities, and CPD stakeholders' views on these expectations | A mixed-methods study using quantitative survey and focus group discussions (FGDs) | Pharmacists | South Borneo | Need attitude changes; variety of pharmacists’ attitudes and competencies; lack of confidence; shortages and presence of pharmacists; staff remuneration, availability of career pathways and recognition; lack of support; barriers in collaboration with other healthcare professions; low health literacy of society; lack of public’s awareness of the pharmacists’ role; need to update curriculum to adapt to practice needs; need for tailored and specific training and programmes; need for structured accredited training and micro-credentialing systems |
6 | Puspitasari (2015) [30] | Challenges in the management of chronic noncommunicable diseases by Indonesian community pharmacists | Noncommunicable diseases management | To explore factors influencing Indonesian primary care pharmacists' practice in chronic noncommunicable disease management and proposed a model illustrating relationships among factors | A qualitative study using in-depth and semi-structured interviews | Pharmacists working in community health centres and community pharmacies | East Java | Variety of pharmacists’ attitudes and competencies; high workload; variation of services; shortages and presence of pharmacists; staff remuneration, availability of career pathways and recognition; barriers in collaboration with other healthcare professions; lack of public’s awareness of the pharmacists’ role; inconsistency in policy implementation; need to update curriculum to adapt to practice needs; variety of support from professional organisation |
7 | Wibowo (2015) [52] | An evaluation of community pharmacy-based services for type 2 diabetes in an Indonesian setting: patient survey | Diabetes | To investigate, within a developing country setting (Indonesia), current use of pharmacy services by type 2 diabetes patients, and to evaluate their views regarding community pharmacists' roles, and the characteristics that influence their views | A quantitative study using survey | Patients seeking antidiabetic medications | Surabaya | Variation of services; lack of public’s awareness of the pharmacists’ role |
8 | Wibowo (2015) [54] | Evaluation of community pharmacy-based services for type-2 diabetes in an Indonesian setting: pharmacist survey | Diabetes | To evaluate current community pharmacy-based services and perceived roles of pharmacists in type 2 diabetes care, and characteristics (pharmacist and pharmacy) associated with current practice | A quantitative study using survey | Community pharmacists | Surabaya | Variation of services; shortages and presence of pharmacists; staff remuneration, availability of career pathways and recognition; inconsistency in policy implementation; need to update curriculum to adapt to practice needs; need for structured accredited training and micro-credentialing systems |
9 | Wibowo (2016) [36] | Pharmacist and physician perspectives on diabetes service delivery within community pharmacies in Indonesia: a qualitative study | Diabetes | To explore perspectives of physicians and pharmacists on diabetes service delivery within community pharmacies in Indonesia | A qualitative study using in-depth interviews | Physicians and community pharmacists | Surabaya | Variety of pharmacists’ attitudes and competencies; shortages and presence of pharmacists; staff remuneration, availability of career pathways and recognition; barriers in collaboration with other healthcare professions |
10 | Presley (2022) [47] | Pharmacists' preferences for the provision of services to improve medication adherence among patients with diabetes in Indonesia: Results of a discrete choice experiment | Medication adherence | To elicit pharmacists' preferences for services to improve medication adherence among their patients | A quantitative study using survey using discrete choice experiment (DCE) | Pharmacists in hospital and community health centres | Surabaya | Shortages and presence of pharmacists; staff remuneration, availability of career pathways and recognition; inadequate facilities and resources |
11 | Widayati (2018) [25] | Pharmacists' views on the development of asthma pharmaceutical care model in Indonesia: A needs analysis study | Asthma | To explore Indonesian pharmacists' experiences, perspectives, and needs regarding the provision of pharmaceutical care for asthma patients in Indonesia | A qualitative study using Focus Group Discussion (FGD) | Pharmacist across various settings of practice | Yogyakarta | Lack of motivations; variety of pharmacists’ attitudes and competencies; shortages and presence of pharmacists; staff remuneration, availability of career pathways and recognition; lack of public’s awareness of the pharmacists’ role; variety of support from professional organisation; need for structured accredited training and micro-credentialing systems |
12 | Setiawan (2019) [60] | The role of pharmacists in the pharmaceutical care of asthma patients in Yogyakarta, Indonesia: the patients' views | Asthma | To identify patients' views regarding current asthma care provided by their pharmacists and their perspectives on future pharmacy-based asthma services | A qualitative study using interview guide | Asthma patients | Yogyakarta | Low health literacy of society |
13 | Wijaya (2019) [62] | Knowledge, attitude, and practice of pharmacists towards management of hypertension in primary care centers | Hypertension | To assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of pharmacists working in Puskesmas in Surabaya, Indonesia, towards the management of hypertension | A quantitative study using questionnaire | Pharmacists working primary care centres | Surabaya | Variety of CPD opportunities |
14 | Khairunnisa (2017) [34] | Pharmacists' perception about their roles in Tuberculosis control program in Medan, Indonesia | Tuberculosis | To assess the pharmacists' perception about their roles in tuberculosis (TB) control program in Medan, Indonesia | A quantitative study using questionnaire | Pharmacists across various settings of practice | Medan | Variety of pharmacists’ attitudes and competencies; variation of services; shortages and presence of pharmacists |
15 | Puspitasari (2011) [53] | Do Indonesian community pharmacy workers respond to antibiotics requests appropriately? | Antibiotics | To quantify antibiotics sales without a prescription and to explore provision of patient assessment and medicine information related to antibiotics requested with or without a prescription in Surabaya community pharmacies | A simulated patient method | Community pharmacists | Surabaya | Variation of services; inconsistency in policy implementation |
16 | Ferdiana (2021) [48] | Community pharmacies, drug stores, and antibiotic dispensing in Indonesia: A qualitative study | Antibiotics | To examine antibiotic dispensing practices and associated drivers in Indonesia | A qualitative study using In-depth interviews | Staff at pharmacies and drug stores, and their clients | Bekasi | Shortages and presence of pharmacists; lack of support; low health literacy of society; inconsistency in policy implementation |
17 | Wiedyaningsih (2017) [33] | Opinion and expectation of pharmacists on providing extemporaneous compounding in Jogjakarta and Central Java provinces, Indonesia | Compounding | To identify opinion and expectations of pharmacists on providing extemporaneous drug compounding to support pharmacy service | A qualitative analysis using focus group discussions (FGD) | Pharmacists | Yogyakarta and Central Java provinces | Variety of pharmacists’ attitudes and competencies; staff remuneration, availability of career pathways and recognition; variety of support from professional organisation; need for structured accredited training and micro-credentialing systems |
18 | Saragi (2019) [37] | Exploring the potential of interprofessional collaboration in medication therapy management in primary health care | Interprofessional collaboration | To explore the potential of interprofessional collaboration between doctor and pharmacists in MTM at type 2 diabetic patient | A qualitative study using In-depth interviews | Physicians and pharmacists | Jakarta | Competency gaps; barriers in collaboration with other healthcare professions |
19 | Maziyyah (2020) [46] | Perception on clinical pharmacy services in a private hospital in Yogyakarta, Indonesia | Perception on pharmacy services | To determine perceptions of health professionals in a private hospital in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, on clinical pharmacy services | A quantitative study using questionnaire | Nurses and physicians | Yogyakarta | Shortages and presence of pharmacists; variation of services; barriers in collaboration with other healthcare professions |
20 | Alfian (2016) [49] | Consumer expectation on service quality provide by pharmacist in self medication practices and its associated factors in Bandung, Indonesia | Self-medication | To assess consumers' expectations regarding service quality provide by pharmacist in self-medication practices and determine the factors associated with self-medication in Bandung, Indonesia | A quantitative study using questionnaire | Customers of community pharmacies | Bandung | Shortages and presence of pharmacists; variation of services; lack of public’s awareness of the pharmacists’ role |
21 | Brata (2016) [31] | Factors influencing the current practice of self-medication consultations in Eastern Indonesian community pharmacies: a qualitative study | Self-medication | To identify the factors that influence current practice of pharmacy staff when handling self-medication consultations in Eastern Indonesian community pharmacies | A qualitative study using In-depth interviews | Pharmacists, pharmacy technicians, pharmacy owners, and counter attendants | Provincial capital located in the eastern part of Indonesia | Variety of pharmacists’ attitudes and competencies; shortages and presence of pharmacists; staff remuneration, availability of career pathways and recognition; lack of public’s awareness of the pharmacists’ role; inconsistency in policy implementation; need to update curriculum to adapt to practice needs; variety of support from professional organisation |
22 | Mizranita (2021) [58] | Pharmacists' and pharmacy technicians' scopes of practice in the management of minor ailments at community pharmacies in Indonesia: A cross-sectional study | Minor ailments | To evaluate pharmacists' and pharmacy technicians' understanding of their scopes of practice, perceived competency and factors influencing the delivery of minor ailments services in Indonesian community pharmacies | A quantitative study using questionnaire | Pharmacists and pharmacy technicians | Central Java | Overlapping jobs; need for tailored and specific training and programmes; need for structured accredited training and micro-credentialing systems |
23 | Herman and Susyanty (2012) [27] | An analysis of pharmacy services by pharmacist in community pharmacy | Pharmacy services | To identify the qualification of pharmacist who delivers services in community pharmacy in compliance with the Indonesian Health Law No. 36 of 2009 | A qualitative study using In-depth interviews and observation | Community pharmacists | Bandung, DI Yogyakarta and Surabaya | Lack of motivations; variety of pharmacists’ attitudes and competencies; shortages and presence of pharmacists; variation of services; overlapping jobs; lack of public’s awareness of the pharmacists’ role; inconsistency in policy implementation; need to update curriculum to adapt to practice needs |
24 | Athiyah (2019) [38] | Assessment of pharmacists' knowledge, attitude and practice in chain community pharmacies towards their current function and performance in Indonesia | Pharmacists' knowledge, attitude and practice | To assess the knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of pharmacist working in chain community pharmacy towards their current function and performance in delivering pharmacy services | A quantitative study using questionnaire | Pharmacists working in chain community pharmacy | Nationwide | Competency gaps; need for structured accredited training and micro-credentialing systems |
25 | Safitrih (2019) [39] | Health Workers' Perceptions and Expectations of the Role of the Pharmacist in Emergency Units: A Qualitative Study in Kupang, Indonesia | Perception on the role of pharmacists | To identify the perceptions and expectations of health workers with respect to pharmacy services in emergency units | A qualitative study using a phenomenological approach with a semi-structured interview technique | Physicians and nurses | Kupang | Competency gaps; shortages and presence of pharmacists; high workload; barriers in collaboration with other healthcare professions; need for structured accredited training and micro-credentialing systems |
26 | Kristina (2019) [40] | Pharmacists' knowledge, self-efficacy, and provision of health promotion practices in Yogyakarta, Indonesia | Health promotion | To explore the knowledge, self-efficacy, and provision of health promotion, as well as its association in Yogyakarta province, Indonesia | A quantitative study using questionnaire | Pharmacists | Yogyakarta | Competency gaps; inadequate facilities and resources; need for tailored and specific training and programmes |
27 | Febrinasari (2022) [50] | Comparison of Patient's Satisfaction with Pharmaceutical Care Services in Ownership-Based Pharmacies in Semarang, Indonesia | Patient's satisfaction | To compare the patient's perception of drug counselling services by pharmacy staff based on the type of pharmacy ownership (franchise/non-franchise) in Semarang | A quantitative study using questionnaire | Patients in community pharmacies | Semarang | Variation of services; staff remuneration, availability of career pathways and recognition; lack of public’s awareness of the pharmacists’ role |
28 | Widowati (2021) [55] | Perceptions of the role of pharmacy assistants in providing patient counselling in community pharmacies in Indonesia | Role of pharmacy assistants | To explore pharmacy workers' perceptions about the role of pharmacy assistants to provide patient counselling within the community | A qualitative study using semi-structured interviews | Pharmacists and pharmacy assistants | Bali | Variation of services; lack of support; inadequate facilities and resources; need for tailored and specific training and programmes; need for structured accredited training and micro-credentialing systems |
29 | Suryaputra (2021) [51] | Counselling practices in an East Javan district, Indonesia: What information is commonly gathered by pharmacy staff? | Counselling practice | To identify pharmacy staff's practice of counselling and information gathered during counselling in an East Javan district, Indonesia | A quantitative study using questionnaire | Pharmacists in hospital, community pharmacy and community health centres | East Java | Variation of services; need for tailored and specific training and programmes; need for structured accredited training and micro-credentialing systems |
30 | Hermansyah (2018) [32] | Investigating the impact of the universal healthcare coverage programme on community pharmacy practice | Universal Health Coverage (UHC) | To investigate perceptions of healthcare and pharmacy stakeholders about the impact of JKN on the practice of pharmacists and pharmacy in both public (Puskesmas) and private (Community or Retail pharmacy) settings | A qualitative study using in-depth and semi-structured interviews | Pharmacy stakeholders in public and private community or retail pharmacy settings | Nationwide | Variety of pharmacists’ attitudes and competencies; shortages and presence of pharmacists; high workload; variation of services; staff remuneration, availability of career pathways and recognition; inconsistency in policy implementation; need to update curriculum to adapt to practice needs; variety of support from professional organisation |
31 | Kristina (2021) [63] | Practice and opinion of pharmacists toward disposal of unused medicines in Indonesia | Unused medicines | To explore the pharmacists' practice, awareness, and barriers toward disposal of unused medicine in Yogyakarta, Indonesia | A quantitative study using questionnaire | Community pharmacists | Yogyakarta | Need for tailored and specific training and programmes |
32 | Kristina (2022) [43] | Pharmacists' willingness to administer COVID-19 vaccine: A survey from Yogyakarta community pharmacists | Vaccine administration | To investigate community pharmacists' perceptions and identify factors that influence their willingness to administer the COVID-19 vaccine | A quantitative study using questionnaire | Community pharmacists | Yogyakarta | Lack of confidence; barriers in collaboration with other healthcare professions; need for tailored and specific training and programmes |
33 | Halim (2021) [44] | Assessing readiness for research: a pilot study of Indonesian pharmacists | Readiness for research | To assess readiness for research, as well as the associated demographic and attitudinal characteristics of pharmacists in a range of healthcare settings in East Java Province, Indonesia | A quantitative study using questionnaire | Pharmacists in hospital and community health centres | Malang and Surabaya | Variety of pharmacists’ attitudes and competencies; shortages and presence of pharmacists; lack of support; inadequate facilities and resources; need for tailored and specific training and programmes |
34 | Azizah et al. (2014) [41] | Pharmacists' perception of their role and assessment of clinical pharmacy education to improve clinical pharmacy services in Indonesian hospitals | Pharmacy education and services | To identify the pharmacists' perception on their role, barriers to implement clinical pharmacy services (CPSs), and importance of clinical pharmacy education (CPE) to improve CPSs in Indonesian hospitals | A quantitative study using questionnaire | Pharmacists working in hospitals and academic settings | North Sumatera | Competency gaps; lack of support; barriers in collaboration with other healthcare professions; need to update curriculum to adapt to practice needs |
35 | Hermansyah (2018) [28] | Multiple policy approaches in improving community pharmacy practice: the case in Indonesia | Policy approach | To identify and collate information on approaches intended to improve practice in Indonesian community pharmacy and subsequently examine the perceptions of key stakeholders in healthcare and community pharmacy about these approaches and the extent to which they have affected community pharmacists as a profession | A qualitative study using in-depth semi-structured interviews | Pharmacy stakeholders | Nationwide | Lack of motivations; competency gaps; shortages and presence of pharmacists; barriers in collaboration with other healthcare professions; inconsistency in policy implementation; need for tailored and specific training and programmes; lack of public awareness of the pharmacist's role |
36 | Hermansyah (2012) [24] | The conflicts between professional and non professional work of community pharmacists in Indonesia | Community pharmacy | To determine the type of professional and non-professional work of community pharmacists in Surabaya Indonesia and find the difference between time spent for performing both works in actual (current) situation and ideal (expected) situation | A quantitative study using questionnaire | Community pharmacists | Surabaya | Lack of motivations; variety of pharmacists’ attitudes and competencies; overlapping jobs; lack of public’s awareness of the pharmacists’ role; need to update curriculum to adapt to practice needs |
37 | Limato (2022) [56] | A qualitative study of barriers to antimicrobial stewardship in Indonesian hospitals: governance, competing interests, cost, and structural vulnerability | Antimicrobial stewardship | To explore context-specific underlying barriers to AMS implementation in Indonesian hospitals with a focus on governance practices and structural vulnerabilities | A qualitative study using semi-structured interviews | Physicians, surgeons, clinical microbiologists, pharmacists, AMS team leaders, hospital managers, medical students, and national AMR stakeholders | Jakarta | Lack of support; barriers in collaboration with other healthcare professions |
38 | Puspitasari (2021) [59] | Challenges in the provision of natural medicines by community pharmacists in East Java Province, Indonesia | Natural medicines | To investigate factors influencing Indonesian community pharmacists in the supply of, delivery of, and provision of information about natural medicines | A qualitative study using in-depth, semi-structured interviews | Community pharmacists | East Java | Low health literacy of society; need to update curriculum to adapt to practice needs; need for tailored and specific training and programmes |
39 | Kristina (2016) [42] | Measuring Effects of Pharmacists' Training on Smoking Cessation Using Mystery Shoppers | Pharmacy training | To investigate whether pharmacists able to perform smoking cessation counseling at 4 weeks after training | An observational study design | Pharmacists | Yogyakarta | Competency gaps; variation of services; need for tailored and specific training and programmes; lack of public’s awareness of the pharmacists’ role |
40 | Sunarko and Koeswo (2020) [45] | A Root Cause Analysis of Prolonged Waiting Times for Compounded Prescriptions at an Indonesian Private Hospital | Waiting times | To understand the causal factors that influence prolonged waiting times for compounded prescriptions in Indonesian private hospital | A qualitative study using In-depth interviews and observation | Hospital directors, head of pharmacy department, purchasing staff, pharmacy storage manager, other pharmacy staff, and service quality manager | Not specified | Shortages and presence of pharmacists |