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Table 2 Main results from panel regression analysis with physician and year fixed effects

From: Gender composition in the work environment and physicians’ income from Medicare Part B fee-for-service payments: evidence from longitudinal data

 

Whole sample

Subsample of “non-switchers”

 

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

 

Log payments

Log patients

Log payments per patient

Log payments

Log patients

Log payments per patient

Share of women within specialty

−0.842

−0.542**

−0.360***

0.963

−0.077

−0.786

(0.555)

(0.223)

(0.129)

(2.434)

(0.742)

(0.549)

 

[−1.961,0.277]

[−0.991,−0.094]

[−0.619,-0.100]

[−3.945,5.871]

[−1.574,1.420]

[−1.894,0.322]

1(women) x (Share of women within specialty)

2.476***

1.689***

0.657***

2.890***

2.304***

0.900***

(0.362)

(0.139)

(0.151)

(0.564)

(0.256)

(0.210)

 

[1.745,3.207]

[1.408,1.970]

[0.353,0.962]

[1.753,4.028]

[1.787,2.821]

[0.477,1.324]

Share of women within practice

−0.034***

0.001

−0.033***

0.021**

0.029***

−0.002

(0.006)

(0.008)

(0.003)

(0.009)

(0.004)

(0.005)

 

[−0.047,−0.022]

[−0.015,0.018]

[−0.040,−0.026]

[0.003,0.040]

[0.020,0.038]

[−0.011,0.007]

1(women) x (Share of women within practice)

0.030***

0.007

0.019***

0.014

−0.008

0.011*

(0.010)

(0.007)

(0.005)

(0.011)

(0.007)

(0.006)

 

[0.010,0.049]

[−0.006,0.020]

[0.008,0.029]

[−0.009,0.037]

[−0.023,0.007]

[−0.001,0.023]

Average patient risk score

0.019

−0.030*

0.078***

−0.002

−0.033*

0.064**

 

(0.059)

(0.017)

(0.028)

(0.060)

(0.018)

(0.028)

 

[−0.100,0.138]

[−0.064,0.005]

[0.022,0.134]

[−0.123,0.119]

[−0.069,0.003]

[0.008,0.120]

Average patient age

0.049***

0.033***

0.014**

0.041***

0.028***

0.011**

 

(0.007)

(0.003)

(0.006)

(0.005)

(0.003)

(0.004)

 

[0.035,0.064]

[0.027,0.038]

[0.003,0.026]

[0.031,0.051]

[0.022,0.034]

[0.002,0.020]

Constant

6.667***

3.240***

3.720***

7.149***

3.530***

4.040***

 

(0.535)

(0.282)

(0.489)

(0.675)

(0.333)

(0.358)

 

[5.589,7.746]

[2.672,3.808]

[2.733,4.707]

[5.787,8.511]

[2.858,4.201]

[3.317,4.763]

Year FE

YES

YES

YES

YES

YES

YES

Physician FE

YES

YES

YES

YES

YES

YES

Observations

3,343,248

3,343,248

3,343,248

2,353,122

2,353,122

2,353,122

R2

0.875

0.891

0.925

0.888

0.912

0.937

  1. Authors’ analysis of 2012–2020 CMS Physician Utilization and Payment Data. “Whole sample” refers to the entire balanced panel data of 371,472 physicians (3,343,248 observations); “non-switchers” refer to the subsample of 261,458 physicians (also a balanced panel with 2,353,122 observations, or 70.4% of the whole sample) who have never switched specialties or practices during the sample period. Medicare payments include only those for Part B FFS services rendered by a physician, excluding those for laboratory work, tests and imaging, vaccination, and similar services that are not necessarily provided by a physician. All payments have been converted to real 2020 dollars. All regressions also include the share of physicians among all providers at the practice level, the share of physicians among all providers at the specialty level, and the total number of physicians at the practice level. “Year FE” and “physician FE” refer to year and physician fixed effects, respectively. Standard errors clustered at the specialty level are reported in parentheses. 95% confidence intervals are reported in the following row in brackets. */**/*** represent p-values below 0.1/0.05/0.01, respectively
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Human Resources for Health

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