Table 2 Outcomes of the mindfulness-based intervention compared to the control group
|  | Intervention group M ± SD | Control group M ± SD | Difference ± SD (95%CI) | Ftime (p, partial η2) | Fgroup (p, partial η2) | Finteraction (p, partial η2) | Cohen’s d (95%CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mindfulness | |||||||
 Pre-intervention | 122.34  ± 12.95 | 123.66  ± 12.38 |  |  |  |  |  |
 Mid-intervention | 127.43  ± 14.87 | 123.88  ± 12.30 | 3.55 ± 2.58 (− 1.56, 8.66) | 2.848 (0.094, 0.026) | 0.211 (0.647, 0.002) | 10.291 (0.002, 0.088) | 0.48 (0.10, 0.85) |
 Post-intervention | 132.07  ± 19.33 | 122.54  ± 12.27 | 9.54 ± 3.06 (3.46, 15.61) | 2.255 (0.136, 0.021) | 2.086 (0.152, 0.019) | 28.071 (< 0.001, 0.208) | 0.91 (0.52, 1.30) |
Emotion regulation | |||||||
Cognitive reappraisal | |||||||
 Pre-intervention | 29.46  ± 5.04 | 28.41  ± 5.52 |  |  |  |  |  |
 Mid-intervention | 30.05  ± 5.69 | 28.50  ± 6.94 | 1.55 ± 1.20 (− 0.82, 3.93) | 3.501 (0.064, 0.032) | 1.528 (0.219, 0.014) | 1.704 (0.195, 0.016) | 0.11 (− 0.26, 0.48) |
 Post-intervention | 31.52  ± 6.11 | 27.52  ± 7.09 | 4.00 ± 1.25 (1.52, 6.48) | 3.643 (0.059, 0.033) | 5.851 (0.017, 0.052) | 10.438 (0.002, 0.089) | 0.62 (0.24, 1.00) |
Expressive suppression | |||||||
 Pre-intervention | 12.62  ± 4.51 | 13.59  ± 3.94 |  |  |  |  |  |
 Mid-intervention | 13.45  ± 4.26 | 13.96  ± 5.09 | − 0.52 ± .89 (− 2.28, 1.24) | 0.014 (0.906, <0.001) | 0.926 (0.338, 0.009) | 0.338 (0.562, 0.003) | 0.13 (− 0.24, 0.50) |
 Post-intervention | 12.82  ± 4.90 | 14.25  ± 4.62 | − 1.43 ± .90 (− 3.21, 0.36) | 1.486 (0.226, 0.014) | 2.416 (0.123, 0.022) | 0.520 (0.472, 0.005) | 0.13 (− 0.24, 0.50) |
Affect | |||||||
Positive affect | |||||||
 Pre-intervention | 31.00  ± 6.66 | 30.61  ± 5.65 |  |  |  |  |  |
 Mid-intervention | 31.36  ± 6.92 | 30.38  ± 7.99 | 0.98 ± 1.41 (− 1.82, 3.78) | 0.616 (0.434, 0.006) | 0.353 (0.554, 0.003) | 1.159 (0.284, 0.011) | 0.11 (− 0.26, 0.48) |
 Post-intervention | 33.79  ± 7.52 | 29.66  ± 7.38 | 4.13 ± 1.41 (1.33, 6.92) | 0.264 (0.608, 0.002) | 3.120 (0.080, 0.028) | 11.106 (0.001, 0.094) | 0.69 (0.31, 1.07) |
Negative affect | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Pre-intervention | 22.89  ± 7.48 | 22.96  ± 7.31 |  |  |  |  |  |
 Mid-intervention | 21.32  ± 6.59 | 21.96  ± 7.08 | − 0.64 ± 1.29 (− 3.20, 1.92) | 0.099 (0.754, 0.001) | 0.728 (0.396, 0.007) | 0.008 (0.929, < .0.001) | 0.10 (− 0.27, 0.47) |
 Post-intervention | 20.68  ± 6.26 | 22.50  ± 6.82 | − 1.82 ± 1.24 (− 4.27, 0.63) | 0.392 (0.533, 0.004) | 1.896 (0.171, 0.017) | 1.813 (0.181, 0.017) | 0.32 (− 0.05, 0.69) |
Burnout | |||||||
Emotional exhaustion | |||||||
 Pre-intervention | 20.96  ± 10.81 | 22.04  ± 11.10 |  |  |  |  |  |
 Mid-intervention | 19.54  ± 11.41 | 21.68  ± 12.62 | − 2.14 ± 2.27 (− 6.65, 2.36) | 0.983 (0.324, 0.009) | 0.647 (0.423, 0.006) | 0.901 (0.345, 0.008) | 0.12 (− 0.25, 0.49) |
 Post-intervention | 16.75  ± 11.55 | 21.29  ± 11.35 | − 4.54 ± 2.16 (− 8.82, − 0.25) | 0.890 (0.348, 0.008) | 1.866 (0.175, 0.017) | 5.401 (0.022, 0.048) | 0.40 (0.02, 0.77) |
Depersonalization | |||||||
 Pre-intervention | 5.11  ± 5.82 | 6.82  ± 5.58 |  |  |  |  |  |
 Mid-intervention | 5.29  ± 5.08 | 7.68  ± 6.78 | − 2.39 ± 1.19 (− 4.76, − 0.03) | 0.910 (0.342, 0.008) | 1.891 (0.172, 0.017) |  <0.001 (0.986, < 0.001) | 0.15 (− 0.22, 0.52) |
 Post-intervention | 5.14  ± 5.57 | 7.45  ± 6.34 | − 2.30 ± 1.13 (− 4.54, − 0.07) | 0.454 (0.502, 0.004) | 2.874 (0.093, 0.026) | 0.232 (0.631, 0.002) | 0.13 (− 0.24, 0.50) |
Personal accomplishment | |||||||
 Pre-intervention | 34.07  ± 9.67 | 32.55  ± 9.23 |  |  |  |  |  |
Mid-intervention | 34.75  ± 10.62 | 31.27  ± 10.60 | 3.48 ± 2.00 (− 0.49, 7.46) | 0.733 (0.394, 0.007) | 0.027 (0.871, <0.001) | 0.497 (0.482, 0.005) | 0.25 (− 0.12, 0.62) |
 Post-intervention | 35.30  ± 10.20 | 29.54  ± 10.90 | 5.77 ± 1.99 (1.82, 9.72) | 0.009 (0.926, < 0.001) | 1.417 (0.236, 0.013) | 7.051 (0.009, 0.062) | 0.54 (0.16, 0.92) |