Fig. 7

A Effects of control variables on the practice environment in the generalized additive regression model. Gender with male as reference group, department with general internal medicine as reference, job satisfaction with unsatisfied as reference, job category with doctor as reference, doctor-patient relationship with tense as reference, income-effort with income lags efforts as the reference, promotion fairness with unfairness as the reference, physical fatigue and anxiety with almost never as the reference (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.0001). B The marginal effects on perceived practice environment in the covariate model compared to the effects in the pure APC model. DPR, doctor-patient relationship