Table 4 Facilitators and barriers to eLearning implementation

Facilitators

Personal factors

Previous positive experience

[43]

eLearning usage

Ease of usage and interface

[23, 31, 33, 34, 36, 42]

Relevance of content to practice

[34, 36, 40, 45]

Peer support

[8]

Flexible time

[22, 54]

eLearning environment

Addition of face-to-face interaction

[36]

Personal and group interaction

[33, 40]

Presence of discussion forum

[40]

Self-regulated learning environment

[8]

Feedback from facilitators

[40]

Policies/ resources

Political commitment

[25]

Mandatory e-training

[38, 39]

Instructional support for facilitators

[25]

Availability of standardised training materials

[52]

Availability of IT resources and facilities

Appraisal of eLearning facility and learners

[56]

Barriers

Personal factors

Lack of perceived need

[38]

Poor computer competence/literacy

[7, 23, 25, 31, 41, 42, 45, 60]

Lack of personal computer

[7, 10, 24, 41, 45, 60]

Financial constraints

[8, 36, 60]

Low self-control

[60]

High family duties

[60]

Low knowledge retention after eLearning programme

[14, 58]

Lack of time

[8, 24, 31, 40]

Fear of changes

[11]

Language barrier

[25, 40]

Poor eLearning content

Irrelevant content

[11, 31, 58]

Heavy content

Conflicting schedules and content

[40]

Poor eLearning environment

Lack of feedback from facilitators

[9, 23])

Absence of facilitators in discussion forums

[36]

Lack of face-to-face interaction

[10, 52]

Poor infrastructure

Poor access to internet

[8, 24, 40,41,42, 45, 60]

Frequent power outages

[40, 42]

Policies/ resources

Heavy workload

[60]

Lack of incentives

[58, 60]

Lack of specialised -eLearning facilitators

[41]

Poor management involvement

[41]

Uneven supply of learning needs

[58]

Disorganised governance of eLearning programmes

[58]

Limited training materials

[8]

Resources constraints

[25]

Technical inadequacy of ICT department

[16]